Conditionals, Loops, and Lists

Overview and Objectives

In this lab, you will practice using boolean values, conditional statements (if/elif/else), loops (for and while), and list operations. These exercises will help you understand how to make decisions in code, repeat tasks, and manage collections of data. By the end of the lab, you will be able to:

• Write programs that use conditional execution to make decisions.
• Implement loops to repeat tasks or iterate over data.
• Utilize logical operators (and, or, not) and (optionally) bitwise operators.
• Create and manipulate Python lists, including sorting and using basic list methods.
• Understand and implement a simple bubble sort algorithm (conceptual level).
• Use lists in a practical context (e.g., storing multiple inputs or records).

Instructions and Tasks

Part 1: Conditional Execution

Write a script grade_checker.py that:

1. Asks the user to input a numeric grade (0-100).
2. Uses an if-elif-else structure to convert the numeric grade to a letter grade based on a typical scale:
   • 90-100: A
   • 80-89: B
   • 70-79: C
   • 60-69: D
   • 0-59: F
3. Prints the letter grade. For example: "Your grade is: B"
4. Includes a final message using a conditional expression (for example, if the grade is passing (A-C) congratulate the user, if it is a D or F, encourage them to try again).

Make sure to handle edge cases (like inputting 100 or 0) so that they fall into the correct letter grade. You can assume the user enters a valid number for this task.

Write a script even_sum.py that:

1. Uses a for loop to iterate through the numbers 1 to 50.
2. Calculates the sum of all even numbers in that range.
3. Prints the result as: "The sum of even numbers from 1 to 50 is X." (where X is the calculated sum).

Next, modify the script to perform the same task using a while loop instead of a for loop. You can include this in the same file or as a separate block of code within the file, and print the result again to verify it matches. Comment on whether both loop versions produce the same result and which approach you find clearer.

Part 2: Working with Lists

Write a script list_operations.py that:

1. Creates a list of at least 5 integers (you can choose them arbitrarily or ask the user to input numbers to populate the list).
2. Prints the original list.
3. Uses the built-in sorted() function to print a sorted version of the list without modifying the original list.
4. Uses the list’s .sort() method to sort the list in place, then prints the list to show it is now sorted.
5. Adds a new element to the list (append an integer), then prints the updated list.
6. Removes an element from the list (you can remove by value or index), then prints the list again.
7. Uses the reverse() method to reverse the list, then prints the reversed list.

Each step should be clearly separated and labeled in the output, for example by printing a message like "Original list:", "Sorted list:", etc.

Implement a simple bubble sort in a script bubble_sort_demo.py:

1. Use a list of unsorted integers (you can use a fixed example list like [64, 25, 12, 22, 11] or a list of random numbers).
2. Implement the bubble sort algorithm using nested loops:
   • Loop through the list elements, and for each element, loop through the list again comparing adjacent pairs.
   • Swap elements if they are in the wrong order.
   • Continue until the list is sorted.
3. Print the list at each pass of the outer loop to show the progress of the sorting.
4. Finally, print the sorted list.

This exercise will demonstrate understanding of loops and list indexing.

Part 3: Logic and Bitwise Operations

Create a short script logic_bits.py that:

• Demonstrates the use of logical operators: for example, ask the user for two boolean inputs (True/False or 1/0) and show the results of and, or, and not on those inputs.
• Demonstrates bitwise operators (&, |, ^, ~, <<, >>) on two small integers (for example, 5 and 3). Print the results in binary form using bin() to show what is happening at the bit level.

This task is for exploration and will not be heavily graded; it is to encourage you to play with these operators and see their effects.

Submission

Submit each script (grade_checker.py, even_sum.py, list_operations.py, bubble_sort_demo.py, and optionally logic_bits.py) via a link to a single GitHub repository containing all the files. Provide outputs for each where applicable (especially for the bubble sort, include the printed progress of sorting). Ensure your code is commented to explain key parts of your logic, especially for the bubble sort algorithm.

Grading Rubric

The total number of points for this lab is 50 points (plus up to 5 bonus points for logic_bits.py).